# Cross-validating custom model functions with cvms

#### 2021-11-14

Abstract

In this vignette, we use repeated cross-validation to tune the hyperparameters of a custom model function with cross_validate_fn(). Additionally, we learn to preprocess the training and test folds within the cross-validation.

Examples of model functions, predict functions and preprocess functions are available in model_functions(), predict_functions(), and preprocess_functions(). These can be used directly or as starting points.

Contact the author at

# Introduction

Where cross_validate() only allows us to cross-validate the lm(), lmer(), glm(), and glmer() model functions, cross_validate_fn() can cross-validate any model function that can be wrapped in a specific function and predict new data. This means, we can cross-validate support-vector machines, neural networks, naïve Bayes, etc., and compare them.

As these model functions are all a bit different and return predictions in different formats, we need to wrap them in a specific set of functions that cross_validate_fn() knows how to deal with. That requires a bit more work than using cross_validate() but is very flexible.

In this vignette, we will learn how to convert our model to a model function and associated predict function. After doing this once, you can save them in a separate R script and reuse them in future projects.

Once you’ve completed this tutorial, you will be able to:

• Convert your model to a model function and predict function.
• Cross-validate your custom model function.
• Tune the hyperparameters of your model.
• Preprocess the training and test sets within the cross-validation.

## Attach packages

We start by attaching the needed packages and setting a random seed for reproducibility:

library(cvms)
library(groupdata2)    # fold()
library(dplyr)
library(knitr)         # kable() : formats the output as a table
library(e1071)         # svm()

set.seed(1)

We could enable parallelization to speed up the fold() and cross_validate_fn() functions. Uncomment the below and set parallel = TRUE when calling those functions.

# Enable parallelization by uncommenting
# library(doParallel)
# registerDoParallel(4) # 4 cores

## Prepare data

For the regression and binary classification examples, we will use the participant.scores dataset from cvms. It features 10 participants who partook in an incredibly fictional study with three sessions of a task. Some of the participants have the diagnosis 1 (sounds scary!) and they all got a score after each session.

In order to use the data for cross-validation, we need to divide it into folds. For this we use the fold() function from groupdata2. We create 3 folds as it is a small dataset. With more data, it is common to use 10 folds (although that is a bit arbitrary).

As the randomness in this data splitting process can influence the model comparison, we do it multiple times and average the results. This is called repeated cross-validation. By setting num_fold_cols = 5, fold() will create 5 unique fold columns. Unless your model takes a long time to fit, it’s common to use 10-100 repetitions, but we pick 5 to speed up the process for this tutorial. Remember, that you can enable parallelization to utilize multiple CPU cores.

By setting cat_col = "diagnosis", we ensure a similar ratio of participants with and without the diagnosis in all the folds.

By setting id_col = "participant", we ensure that all the rows belonging to a participant are put in the same fold. If we do not ensure this, we could be testing on a participant we also trained on, which is cheating! :)

# Prepare dataset
data <- participant.scores
data$diagnosis <- factor(data$diagnosis)

# Create 5 fold columns with 3 folds each
data <- fold(
data,
k = 3,
cat_col = "diagnosis",
id_col = "participant",
num_fold_cols = 5,
parallel = FALSE # set to TRUE to run in parallel
)

# Order by participant
data <- data %>%
dplyr::arrange(participant)

# Look at the first 12 rows
# Note: kable() just formats the table
data %>% head(12) %>% kable()
participant age diagnosis score session .folds_1 .folds_2 .folds_3 .folds_4 .folds_5
1 20 1 10 1 3 3 3 2 3
1 20 1 24 2 3 3 3 2 3
1 20 1 45 3 3 3 3 2 3
2 23 0 24 1 1 3 3 3 2
2 23 0 40 2 1 3 3 3 2
2 23 0 67 3 1 3 3 3 2
3 27 1 15 1 2 1 3 1 1
3 27 1 30 2 2 1 3 1 1
3 27 1 40 3 2 1 3 1 1
4 21 0 35 1 3 3 3 1 3
4 21 0 50 2 3 3 3 1 3
4 21 0 78 3 3 3 3 1 3

We can check that the cat_col and id_col arguments did their thing:

# Check the distribution of 'diagnosis' in the first fold column
# Note: this would be more even for a larger dataset
data %>%
dplyr::count(.folds_1, diagnosis) %>%
kable()
.folds_1 diagnosis n
1 0 3
1 1 6
2 0 3
2 1 6
3 0 6
3 1 6

# Check the distribution of 'participant' in the first fold column
# Note that all rows for a participant are in the same fold
data %>%
dplyr::count(.folds_1, participant) %>%
kable()
.folds_1 participant n
1 2 3
1 5 3
1 7 3
2 3 3
2 6 3
2 10 3
3 1 3
3 4 3
3 8 3
3 9 3

# Predicting the score

Now that we have the data ready, we can try to predict the score with a support-vector machine (SVM). While building the analysis, we will use the third fold in the first fold column as the test set and the rest as training set. The SVM will be fitted on the training set and used to predict the score in the test set. Finally, we will evaluate the predictions with evaluate():

# Split into train and test sets
test_set <- data %>%
dplyr::filter(.folds_1 == 3)
train_set <- data %>%
dplyr::filter(.folds_1 != 3)

# Fit SVM model
svm_model <- e1071::svm(
formula = score ~ diagnosis + age + session,
data = train_set,
kernel = "linear",
cost = 10,
type = "eps-regression"
)

# Predict scores in the test set
predicted_scores <- predict(
svm_model,
newdata = test_set,
allow.new.levels = TRUE)

predicted_scores
#>         1         2         3         4         5         6         7         8
#>  9.412735 27.545911 45.679086 28.305468 46.438644 64.571820  9.652563 27.785739
#>         9        10        11        12
#> 45.918915 31.423234 49.556410 67.689586

# Add predictions to test set
test_set[["predicted score"]] <- predicted_scores

# Evaluate the predictions
evaluate(
data = test_set,
target_col = "score",
prediction_cols = "predicted score",
type = "gaussian"
)
#> # A tibble: 1 × 8
#>    RMSE   MAE NRMSE(IQR)  RRSE   RAE RMSLE Predictions       Process
#>   <dbl> <dbl>        <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <list>            <list>
#> 1  5.25  3.97        0.253 0.277 0.256 0.171 <tibble [12 × 2]> <prcss_n_>

The Mean Absolute Error (MAE) metric tells us that predictions 3.97 off on average. That’s only for one fold though, so next we will convert the model to a model function, and the predict() call to a predict function, that can be used within cross_validate_fn().

## Creating a model function

A model function for cross_validate_fn() has the arguments train_data, formula and hyperparameters. We don’t need to use all of them, but those are the inputs it will receive when called inside cross_validate_fn().

To convert our model, we wrap it like this:

svm_model_fn <- function(train_data, formula, hyperparameters) {
e1071::svm(
formula = formula,
data = train_data,
kernel = "linear",
cost = 10,
type = "eps-regression"
)
}

Note: In R, the last thing in a function is returned. This means we don’t need to use return() in the above. Feel free to add it though.

We can test the model function on the training set:

# Try the model function
# Due to "lazy evaluation" in R, we don't have to pass
# the arguments that are not used inside the function
m0 <- svm_model_fn(train_data = train_set,
formula = score ~ diagnosis + age + session)
m0
#>
#> Call:
#> svm(formula = formula, data = train_data, kernel = "linear", cost = 10,
#>     type = "eps-regression")
#>
#>
#> Parameters:
#>    SVM-Type:  eps-regression
#>  SVM-Kernel:  linear
#>        cost:  10
#>       gamma:  0.25
#>     epsilon:  0.1
#>
#>
#> Number of Support Vectors:  17

## Creating a predict function

The predict() function varies a bit for different models, so we need to supply a predict function that works with our model function and returns the predictions in the right format. Which format is correct depends on the kind of task we are performing. For regression ('gaussian'), the predictions should be a single vector with the predicted values.

The predict function must have the arguments test_data, model, formula, hyperparameters, and train_data. Again, we don’t need to use all of them inside the function, but they must be there.

We can convert our predict() call to a predict function like so:

svm_predict_fn <- function(test_data, model, formula, hyperparameters, train_data) {
predict(object = model,
newdata = test_data,
allow.new.levels = TRUE)
}

# Try the predict function
svm_predict_fn(test_data = test_set, model = m0)
#>         1         2         3         4         5         6         7         8
#>  9.412735 27.545911 45.679086 28.305468 46.438644 64.571820  9.652563 27.785739
#>         9        10        11        12
#> 45.918915 31.423234 49.556410 67.689586

## Cross-validating the functions

Now, we can cross-validate our model function!

We will cross-validate a couple of formulas at once. These are passed as strings and converted to formula objects internally. We also supply the dataset with the fold columns and the names of the fold columns (".folds_1", ".folds_2", etc.).

cv_1 <- cross_validate_fn(
data = data,
formulas = c("score ~ diagnosis + age + session",
"score ~ diagnosis + age",
"score ~ diagnosis"),
type = "gaussian",
model_fn = svm_model_fn,
predict_fn = svm_predict_fn,
fold_cols = paste0(".folds_", 1:5),
parallel = FALSE # set to TRUE to run in parallel
)
#> Will cross-validate 3 models. This requires fitting 45 model instances.

cv_1
#> # A tibble: 3 × 17
#>   Fixed       RMSE   MAE NRMSE(IQR)  RRSE   RAE RMSLE Predictions   Results
#>   <chr>      <dbl> <dbl>        <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <list>        <list>
#> 1 diagnosis…  10.5  8.25        0.543 0.571 0.561 0.298 <tibble [150… <tibble […
#> 2 diagnosis…  17.9 15.0         0.905 0.973 1.01  0.506 <tibble [150… <tibble […
#> 3 diagnosis   16.7 14.3         0.828 0.902 0.947 0.486 <tibble [150… <tibble […
#> # … with 8 more variables: Coefficients <list>, Folds <int>,
#> #   Fold Columns <int>, Convergence Warnings <int>, Other Warnings <int>,
#> #   Warnings and Messages <list>, Process <list>, Dependent <chr>

The first formula has the lowest Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). Before learning how to inspect the output, let’s enable hyperparameters, so we can try different kernels and costs.

# Passing hyperparameters

Hyperparameters are settings for the model function that we can tweak to get better performance. The SVM model has multiple of these settings that we can play with, like the kernel and cost settings.

The hyperparameters passed to the model function can be indexed with [["name"]]. This means we can get the kernel for the current model instance with hyperparameters[["kernel"]]. In case the user forgets to pass a kernel in the hyperparameters, we need to check if it’s available though. Here’s an example:

svm_model_fn <- function(train_data, formula, hyperparameters) {

# Required hyperparameters:
#  - kernel
#  - cost
if (!"kernel" %in% names(hyperparameters))
stop("'hyperparameters' must include 'kernel'")
if (!"cost" %in% names(hyperparameters))
stop("'hyperparameters' must include 'cost'")

e1071::svm(
formula = formula,
data = train_data,
kernel = hyperparameters[["kernel"]],
cost = hyperparameters[["cost"]],
scale = FALSE,
type = "eps-regression"
)
}

# Try the model function
svm_model_fn(
train_data = train_set,
formula = score ~ diagnosis + age + session,
hyperparameters = list(
"kernel" = "linear",
"cost" = 5
)
)
#>
#> Call:
#> svm(formula = formula, data = train_data, kernel = hyperparameters[["kernel"]],
#>     cost = hyperparameters[["cost"]], type = "eps-regression", scale = FALSE)
#>
#>
#> Parameters:
#>    SVM-Type:  eps-regression
#>  SVM-Kernel:  linear
#>        cost:  5
#>       gamma:  0.25
#>     epsilon:  0.1
#>
#>
#> Number of Support Vectors:  18

## update_hyperparameters()

When we have a lot of hyperparameters, we quickly get a lot of if statements for performing those checks. We may also wish to provide default values when a hyperparameter is not passed by the user. For this purpose, the update_hyperparameters() function is available. It checks that required hyperparameters are present and set default values for those that are not required and were not passed by the user.

There are three parts to the inputs to update_hyperparameters():

1. The default hyperparameter values (passed first). E.g. if we wish to set the default for the kernel parameter to "radial", we simply pass kernel = "radial". When the user doesn’t pass a kernel setting, this default value is used.

2. The list of hyperparameters. Remember to name the argument when passing it, i.e.: hyperparameters = hyperparameters.

3. The names of the required hyperparameters. If any of these are not in the hyperparameters, an error is thrown. Remember to name the argument when passing it, e.g.: .required = c("cost", "scale").

It returns the updated list of hyperparameters.

Let’s specify the model function such that cost must be passed, while kernel is optional and has the default value "radial":

svm_model_fn <- function(train_data, formula, hyperparameters) {

# Required hyperparameters:
#  - cost
# Optional hyperparameters:
#  - kernel

# 1) If 'cost' is not present in hyperparameters, throw error
# 2) If 'kernel' is not present in hyperparameters, set to "radial"
hyperparameters <- update_hyperparameters(
hyperparameters = hyperparameters,
required = "cost"
)

e1071::svm(
formula = formula,
data = train_data,
kernel = hyperparameters[["kernel"]],
cost = hyperparameters[["cost"]],
type = "eps-regression"
)
}

## Cross-validating hyperparameter combinations

Now, we can cross-validate our hyperparameters:

# Set seed for the sampling of the hyperparameter combinations
set.seed(1)

cv_2 <- cross_validate_fn(
data = data,
formulas = c("score ~ diagnosis + age + session",
"score ~ diagnosis"),
type = "gaussian",
model_fn = svm_model_fn,
predict_fn = svm_predict_fn,
hyperparameters = hparams,   # Pass the list of values to test
fold_cols = paste0(".folds_", 1:5)
)
#> Will cross-validate 8 models. This requires fitting 120 model instances.

cv_2
#> # A tibble: 8 × 18
#>   Fixed       RMSE   MAE NRMSE(IQR)  RRSE   RAE RMSLE Predictions   Results
#>   <chr>      <dbl> <dbl>        <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <list>        <list>
#> 1 diagnosis…  10.2  8.03        0.522 0.556 0.544 0.286 <tibble [150… <tibble […
#> 2 diagnosis…  14.5 11.9         0.738 0.789 0.803 0.407 <tibble [150… <tibble […
#> 3 diagnosis…  10.5  8.26        0.543 0.571 0.562 0.298 <tibble [150… <tibble […
#> 4 diagnosis…  14.9 12.5         0.761 0.813 0.841 0.422 <tibble [150… <tibble […
#> 5 diagnosis   18.6 15.2         0.930 1.00  1.01  0.514 <tibble [150… <tibble […
#> 6 diagnosis   17.6 14.8         0.880 0.948 0.982 0.494 <tibble [150… <tibble […
#> 7 diagnosis   17.3 14.7         0.866 0.935 0.978 0.492 <tibble [150… <tibble […
#> 8 diagnosis   17.1 14.6         0.850 0.921 0.969 0.489 <tibble [150… <tibble […
#> # … with 9 more variables: Coefficients <list>, Folds <int>,
#> #   Fold Columns <int>, Convergence Warnings <int>, Other Warnings <int>,
#> #   Warnings and Messages <list>, Process <list>, HParams <list<tibble[,2]>>,
#> #   Dependent <chr>

The output has a lot of information and can be a bit hard to read. The first thing, we wish to know, is which model performed the best. We will use the RMSE metric to determine this. Lower is better.

We order the data frame by the RMSE and use the select_definitions() function to extract the formulas and hyperparameters. To recognize the model after the sorting, we create a Model ID column and include it along with the RMSE column:

cv_2 %>%
# Create Model ID with values 1:8
dplyr::mutate(Model ID = 1:nrow(cv_2)) %>%
# Order by RMSE
dplyr::arrange(RMSE) %>%
# Extract formulas and hyperparameters
select_definitions(additional_includes = c("RMSE", "Model ID")) %>%
# Pretty table
kable()
Dependent Fixed kernel cost RMSE Model ID
score diagnosis+age+session linear 1 10.19112 1
score diagnosis+age+session linear 5 10.45016 3
score diagnosis+age+session radial 5 14.52989 2
score diagnosis+age+session radial 10 14.93232 4
score diagnosis radial 10 17.08093 8
score diagnosis linear 5 17.33319 7
score diagnosis radial 5 17.56135 6
score diagnosis linear 1 18.56190 5

The best model uses kernel = "linear" and cost = 1. Our Model ID column tells us this was the first row in the output. We can use this to access the predictions, fold results, warnings, and more:

# Extract fold results for the best model
cv_2$Results[[1]] %>% kable() Fold Column Fold RMSE MAE NRMSE(IQR) RRSE RAE RMSLE .folds_1 1 13.385262 10.403463 0.4461754 0.7605651 0.7190107 0.3841163 .folds_1 2 8.541764 6.418853 0.5694509 0.4291060 0.4146149 0.1991230 .folds_1 3 5.087366 4.001948 0.2451743 0.2688444 0.2581902 0.1367535 .folds_2 1 8.541764 6.418853 0.5694509 0.4291060 0.4146149 0.1991230 .folds_2 2 11.641150 7.999899 0.5543405 0.6775330 0.5408947 0.3356195 .folds_2 3 6.257352 4.526802 0.2812293 0.3278149 0.2968395 0.1876330 .folds_3 1 13.222029 10.549869 0.5085396 0.6736734 0.6283378 0.3611420 .folds_3 2 17.846276 15.780440 1.1153922 1.0791058 1.2220035 0.5094823 .folds_3 3 6.257701 4.599791 0.2812450 0.3260698 0.3032829 0.1830861 .folds_4 1 14.771646 13.059488 1.3428769 0.7970060 0.9776511 0.4303192 .folds_4 2 8.072439 5.624487 0.3844018 0.4681478 0.3954717 0.2366059 .folds_4 3 12.301286 9.895444 0.4241823 0.6415395 0.5997239 0.3373387 .folds_5 1 4.385315 3.529620 0.3132368 0.2825336 0.2797449 0.1903896 .folds_5 2 13.385262 10.403463 0.4461754 0.7605651 0.7190107 0.3841163 .folds_5 3 9.170253 7.229994 0.3460473 0.4179586 0.3919876 0.2207415  # Extract 10 predictions from the best model cv_2$Predictions[[1]] %>% head(10) %>% kable()
Fold Column Fold Observation Target Prediction
.folds_1 1 4 24 36.77192
.folds_1 1 5 40 52.30052
.folds_1 1 6 67 67.82912
.folds_1 1 13 24 11.87638
.folds_1 1 14 54 27.40497
.folds_1 1 15 62 42.93357
.folds_1 1 19 11 10.58407
.folds_1 1 20 35 26.11267
.folds_1 1 21 41 41.64127
.folds_1 2 7 15 14.94300

In a moment, we will go through a set of classification examples. First, we will learn to preprocess the dataset inside cross_validate_fn().

# Preprocessing within the cross-validation

If we wish to preprocess the data, e.g. standardizing the numeric columns, we can do so within cross_validate_fn(). The point is to extract the preprocessing parameters (mean, sd, min, max, etc.) from the training data and apply the transformations to both the training data and test data.

cvms has built-in examples of preprocessing functions (see ?preprocess_functions()). They use the recipes package and are good starting points for writing your own preprocess function.

A preprocess function should have these arguments: train_data, test_data, formula, and hyperparameters. Again, we can choose to only use some of them.

It should return a named list with the preprocessed training data ("train") and test data ("test"). We can also include a data frame with the preprocessing parameters we used ("parameters"), so we can extract those later from the cross_validate_fn() output.

The form should be like this:

# NOTE: Don't run this
preprocess_fn <- function(train_data, test_data, formula, hyperparameters) {

# Do preprocessing
# Create data frame with applied preprocessing parameters

# Return list with these names
list("train" = train_data,
"test" = test_data,
"parameters" = preprocess_parameters)
}

Our preprocess function will standardize the age column:

preprocess_fn <- function(train_data, test_data, formula, hyperparameters) {

# Standardize the age column

# Get the mean and standard deviation from the train_data
mean_age <- mean(train_data[["age"]])
sd_age <- sd(train_data[["age"]])

# Standardize both train_data and test_data
train_data[["age"]] <- (train_data[["age"]] - mean_age) / sd_age
test_data[["age"]] <- (test_data[["age"]] - mean_age) / sd_age

# Create data frame with applied preprocessing parameters
preprocess_parameters <- data.frame(
"Measure" = c("Mean", "SD"),
"age" = c(mean_age, sd_age)
)

# Return list with these names
list("train" = train_data,
"test" = test_data,
"parameters" = preprocess_parameters)
}

# Try the preprocess function
prepped <- preprocess_fn(train_data = train_set, test_data = test_set)

# Inspect preprocessed training set
# Note that the age column has changed
prepped$train %>% head(5) %>% kable() participant age diagnosis score session .folds_1 .folds_2 .folds_3 .folds_4 .folds_5 2 -1.3215082 0 24 1 1 3 3 3 2 2 -1.3215082 0 40 2 1 3 3 3 2 2 -1.3215082 0 67 3 1 3 3 3 2 3 -0.6871843 1 15 1 2 1 3 1 1 3 -0.6871843 1 30 2 2 1 3 1 1  # Inspect preprocessing parameters prepped$parameters %>% kable()
Measure age
Mean 31.333333
SD 6.305926

Now, we add the preprocess function to our cross_validate_fn() call. We will only use the winning hyperparameters from the previous cross-validation, to save time:

cv_3 <- cross_validate_fn(
data = data,
formulas = c("score ~ diagnosis + age + session",
"score ~ diagnosis"),
type = "gaussian",
model_fn = svm_model_fn,
predict_fn = svm_predict_fn,
preprocess_fn = preprocess_fn,
hyperparameters = list(
"kernel" = "linear",
"cost" = 1
),
fold_cols = paste0(".folds_", 1:5)
)
#> Will cross-validate 2 models. This requires fitting 30 model instances.

cv_3
#> # A tibble: 2 × 19
#>   Fixed       RMSE   MAE NRMSE(IQR)  RRSE   RAE RMSLE Predictions   Results
#>   <chr>      <dbl> <dbl>        <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <list>        <list>
#> 1 diagnosis…  10.2  8.03        0.522 0.556 0.544 0.286 <tibble [150… <tibble […
#> 2 diagnosis   18.6 15.2         0.930 1.00  1.01  0.514 <tibble [150… <tibble […
#> # … with 10 more variables: Coefficients <list>, Preprocess <list>,
#> #   Folds <int>, Fold Columns <int>, Convergence Warnings <int>,
#> #   Other Warnings <int>, Warnings and Messages <list>, Process <list>,
#> #   HParams <list<tibble[,2]>>, Dependent <chr>

This didn’t change the results but may do so in other contexts and for other model types.

We can check the preprocessing parameters for the different folds:

# Extract first 10 rows of the preprocess parameters
# for the first and best model
cv_3$Preprocess[[1]] %>% head(10) %>% kable() Fold Column Fold Measure age .folds_1 1 Mean 26.571429 .folds_1 1 SD 5.608667 .folds_1 2 Mean 27.714286 .folds_1 2 SD 8.337523 .folds_1 3 Mean 31.333333 .folds_1 3 SD 6.305926 .folds_2 1 Mean 27.714286 .folds_2 1 SD 8.337523 .folds_2 2 Mean 25.000000 .folds_2 2 SD 4.743417 As mentioned, cvms has a couple of preprocess functions available. Here’s the code for the standardizer. If you haven’t used the recipes package before, it might not be that easy to read, but it basically does the same as ours, just to every numeric predictor. If we were to use it, we would need to make sure that the participant, diagnosis, and (perhaps) session columns were factors, as they would otherwise be standardized as well. # Get built-in preprocess function preprocess_functions("standardize") #> function (train_data, test_data, formula, hyperparameters) #> { #> formula <- simplify_formula(formula, train_data) #> recipe_object <- recipes::recipe(formula = formula, data = train_data) %>% #> recipes::step_center(recipes::all_numeric(), -recipes::all_outcomes()) %>% #> recipes::step_scale(recipes::all_numeric(), -recipes::all_outcomes()) %>% #> recipes::prep(training = train_data) #> train_data <- recipes::bake(recipe_object, train_data) #> test_data <- recipes::bake(recipe_object, test_data) #> means <- recipe_object$steps[[1]]$means #> sds <- recipe_object$steps[[2]]$sds #> tidy_parameters <- tibble::tibble(Measure = c("Mean", "SD")) %>% #> dplyr::bind_cols(dplyr::bind_rows(means, sds)) #> list(train = train_data, test = test_data, parameters = tidy_parameters) #> } #> <bytecode: 0x7fb9395b0f90> #> <environment: 0x7fb93564c3e8> Given that the preprocess function also receives the hyperparameters, we could write a preprocess function that gets the names of the columns to preprocess via the hyperparameters. Next, we will go through an example of cross-validating a custom binary classifier. # Binomial example For the binomial example, we will be predicting the diagnosis column with an SVM. For this, we need to tweak our functions a bit. First, we set type = "C-classification" and probability = TRUE in the svm() call. The first setting makes it perform classification instead of regression. The second allows us to extract the probabilities in our predict function. This model function also works for multiclass classification, why we will reuse it for that in a moment. # SVM model function for classification clf_svm_model_fn <- function(train_data, formula, hyperparameters) { # Optional hyperparameters: # - kernel # - cost # Update missing hyperparameters with default values hyperparameters <- update_hyperparameters( kernel = "radial", cost = 1, hyperparameters = hyperparameters ) e1071::svm( formula = formula, data = train_data, kernel = hyperparameters[["kernel"]], cost = hyperparameters[["cost"]], type = "C-classification", probability = TRUE # Must enable probability here ) } # Try the model function m1 <- clf_svm_model_fn(train_data = data, formula = diagnosis ~ score, hyperparameters = list("kernel" = "linear")) m1 #> #> Call: #> svm(formula = formula, data = train_data, kernel = hyperparameters[["kernel"]], #> cost = hyperparameters[["cost"]], type = "C-classification", #> probability = TRUE) #> #> #> Parameters: #> SVM-Type: C-classification #> SVM-Kernel: linear #> cost: 1 #> #> Number of Support Vectors: 20 The predict function should return the probability of the second class (alphabetically). For the SVM, this is a bit tricky, but we will break it down in steps: 1. We set probability = TRUE in the predict() call. This stores the probabilities as an attribute of the predictions. Note that this won’t work if we forget to enable the probabilities in the model function! 2. We extract the probabilities with attr(predictions, "probabilities"). 3. We convert the probabilities to a tibble (a kind of data frame) with dplyr::as_tibble(). 4. At this point, we have a tibble with two columns with the probabilities for each of the two classes. As we need the probability of the second class, we select and return the second column (probability of diagnosis being 1). In most cases, the predict function will be simpler to write than this. The main take-away is that we predict the test set and extract the probabilities of the second class. # Predict function for binomial SVM bnml_svm_predict_fn <- function(test_data, model, formula, hyperparameters, train_data) { # Predict test set predictions <- predict( object = model, newdata = test_data, allow.new.levels = TRUE, probability = TRUE ) # Extract probabilities probabilities <- dplyr::as_tibble(attr(predictions, "probabilities")) # Return second column probabilities[[2]] } p1 <- bnml_svm_predict_fn(test_data = data, model = m1) p1 # Vector with probabilities that diagnosis is 1 #> [1] 0.1120966 0.2131934 0.4600344 0.2131934 0.3934195 0.7388358 0.1422477 #> [8] 0.2731945 0.3934195 0.3305457 0.5281085 0.8375338 0.2131934 0.5819439 #> [15] 0.6829082 0.1357207 0.2224870 0.2731945 0.1176421 0.3305457 0.4065106 #> [22] 0.1490345 0.2953850 0.4465165 0.3068642 0.5686161 0.7281734 0.2624979 #> [29] 0.5951531 0.8585921 Now, we can cross-validate the model function: cv_4 <- cross_validate_fn( data = data, formulas = c("diagnosis ~ score", "diagnosis ~ age"), type = "binomial", model_fn = clf_svm_model_fn, predict_fn = bnml_svm_predict_fn, hyperparameters = list( "kernel" = c("linear", "radial"), "cost" = c(1, 5, 10) ), fold_cols = paste0(".folds_", 1:5) ) #> Will cross-validate 12 models. This requires fitting 180 model instances. cv_4 #> # A tibble: 12 × 28 #> Fixed Balanced Accuracy F1 Sensitivity Specificity Pos Pred Value #> <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> #> 1 score 0.394 0.364 0.322 0.467 0.453 #> 2 score 0.397 0.293 0.244 0.55 0.41 #> 3 score 0.403 0.367 0.322 0.483 0.460 #> 4 score 0.456 0.407 0.378 0.533 0.491 #> 5 score 0.403 0.369 0.322 0.483 0.453 #> 6 score 0.456 0.368 0.311 0.6 0.516 #> 7 age 0.617 0.701 0.733 0.5 0.693 #> 8 age 0.5 NaN 0.3 0.7 NaN #> 9 age 0.533 NaN 0.367 0.7 NaN #> 10 age 0.542 NaN 0.333 0.75 0.617 #> 11 age 0.55 0.536 0.5 0.6 0.653 #> 12 age 0.608 0.545 0.467 0.75 0.777 #> # … with 22 more variables: Neg Pred Value <dbl>, AUC <dbl>, Lower CI <dbl>, #> # Upper CI <dbl>, Kappa <dbl>, MCC <dbl>, Detection Rate <dbl>, #> # Detection Prevalence <dbl>, Prevalence <dbl>, Predictions <list>, #> # ROC <list>, Confusion Matrix <list>, Results <list>, Coefficients <list>, #> # Folds <int>, Fold Columns <int>, Convergence Warnings <int>, #> # Other Warnings <int>, Warnings and Messages <list>, Process <list>, #> # HParams <list<tibble[,2]>>, Dependent <chr> Let’s order the models by the Balanced Accuracy metric (in descending order) and extract the formulas and hyperparameters: cv_4 %>% dplyr::mutate(Model ID = 1:nrow(cv_4)) %>% dplyr::arrange(dplyr::desc(Balanced Accuracy)) %>% select_definitions(additional_includes = c("Balanced Accuracy", "F1", "MCC", "Model ID")) %>% kable() Dependent Fixed kernel cost Balanced Accuracy F1 MCC Model ID diagnosis age linear 1 0.6166667 0.7005128 0.2695860 7 diagnosis age radial 10 0.6083333 0.5448196 0.2372335 12 diagnosis age linear 10 0.5500000 0.5357576 0.1351019 11 diagnosis age radial 5 0.5416667 NaN 0.0739342 10 diagnosis age linear 5 0.5333333 NaN 0.0735712 9 diagnosis age radial 1 0.5000000 NaN -0.0034522 8 diagnosis score radial 5 0.4555556 0.4073420 -0.1038522 4 diagnosis score radial 10 0.4555556 0.3683114 -0.1014684 6 diagnosis score linear 5 0.4027778 0.3667013 -0.2078914 3 diagnosis score linear 10 0.4027778 0.3686869 -0.2073524 5 diagnosis score radial 1 0.3972222 0.2928246 -0.2315451 2 diagnosis score linear 1 0.3944444 0.3638492 -0.2243185 1 Next, we will go through a short multiclass classification example. # Multinomial example For our multiclass classification example, we will use the musicians dataset from cvms. It has 60 musicians, grouped in four classes (A, B, C, D). The origins of the dataset is classified, so don’t ask too many questions about it! Let’s create 5 fold columns with 5 folds each. We set cat_col = "Class" to ensure a similar ratio of the classes in all the folds and num_col = "Age" to get a similar average age in the folds. The latter is not required but could be useful if we had an important hypothesis regarding age. We will not need the id_col as there is only one row per musician ID. # Set seed for reproducibility set.seed(1) # Prepare dataset data_mc <- musicians data_mc[["ID"]] <- as.factor(data_mc[["ID"]]) # Create 5 fold columns with 5 folds each data_mc <- fold( data = data_mc, k = 5, cat_col = "Class", num_col = "Age", num_fold_cols = 5 ) data_mc %>% head(10) %>% kable() ID Age Class Height Drums Bass Guitar Keys Vocals .folds_1 .folds_2 .folds_3 .folds_4 .folds_5 1 41 A 178 1 0 1 0 1 3 2 5 2 5 2 62 A 168 1 1 1 1 0 4 4 1 5 1 3 19 A 163 1 0 0 1 1 1 3 2 1 2 4 52 A 177 1 0 0 0 1 1 4 2 1 2 5 32 A 155 1 1 0 0 1 3 3 4 4 4 6 44 A 164 0 0 1 1 1 2 1 5 4 5 7 51 A 173 1 1 1 1 0 4 3 4 3 4 8 42 A 176 1 0 1 1 0 3 2 3 2 3 9 25 A 171 0 1 0 1 0 5 1 1 3 3 10 60 A 167 1 0 0 1 0 5 1 1 3 3  # You can use skimr to get a better overview of the dataset # Uncomment: # library(skimr) # skimr::skim(data_mc) As the model function from the binomial example also works with more than 2 classes, we only need to change the predict function. In multinomial classification, it should return a data frame with one column per class with the probabilities of that class. Hence, we copy the predict function from before and remove the [[2]] from the last line: # Predict function for multinomial SVM mc_svm_predict_fn <- function(test_data, model, formula, hyperparameters, train_data) { predictions <- predict( object = model, newdata = test_data, allow.new.levels = TRUE, probability = TRUE ) # Extract probabilities probabilities <- dplyr::as_tibble(attr(predictions, "probabilities")) # Return all columns probabilities } With this, we can cross-validate a few formulas for predicting the Class. Remember, that it’s possible to run this in parallel! cv_5 <- cross_validate_fn( data = data_mc, formulas = c("Class ~ Age + Height", "Class ~ Age + Height + Bass + Guitar + Keys + Vocals"), type = "multinomial", model_fn = clf_svm_model_fn, predict_fn = mc_svm_predict_fn, hyperparameters = list( "kernel" = c("linear", "radial"), "cost" = c(1, 5, 10) ), fold_cols = paste0(".folds_", 1:5) ) #> Will cross-validate 12 models. This requires fitting 300 model instances. cv_5 #> # A tibble: 12 × 26 #> Fixed Overall Accura… Balanced Accur… F1 Sensitivity Specificity #> <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> #> 1 Age+Height 0.28 0.52 0.271 0.28 0.76 #> 2 Age+Height 0.257 0.504 0.251 0.257 0.752 #> 3 Age+Height 0.293 0.529 0.280 0.293 0.764 #> 4 Age+Height 0.23 0.487 0.225 0.23 0.743 #> 5 Age+Height 0.303 0.536 0.294 0.303 0.768 #> 6 Age+Height 0.24 0.493 0.238 0.24 0.747 #> 7 Age+Height… 0.403 0.602 0.393 0.403 0.801 #> 8 Age+Height… 0.367 0.578 NaN 0.367 0.789 #> 9 Age+Height… 0.4 0.6 0.389 0.4 0.8 #> 10 Age+Height… 0.38 0.587 0.364 0.38 0.793 #> 11 Age+Height… 0.423 0.616 0.410 0.423 0.808 #> 12 Age+Height… 0.363 0.576 0.348 0.363 0.788 #> # … with 20 more variables: Pos Pred Value <dbl>, Neg Pred Value <dbl>, #> # Kappa <dbl>, MCC <dbl>, Detection Rate <dbl>, Detection Prevalence <dbl>, #> # Prevalence <dbl>, Predictions <list>, Confusion Matrix <list>, #> # Results <list>, Class Level Results <list>, Coefficients <list>, #> # Folds <int>, Fold Columns <int>, Convergence Warnings <int>, #> # Other Warnings <int>, Warnings and Messages <list>, Process <list>, #> # HParams <list<tibble[,2]>>, Dependent <chr> Let’s order the results by the Balanced Accuracy metric and extract the formulas and hyperparameters: cv_5 %>% dplyr::mutate(Model ID = 1:nrow(cv_5)) %>% dplyr::arrange(dplyr::desc(Balanced Accuracy)) %>% select_definitions(additional_includes = c( "Balanced Accuracy", "F1", "Model ID")) %>% kable() Dependent Fixed kernel cost Balanced Accuracy F1 Model ID Class Age+Height+Bass+Guitar+Keys+Vocals linear 10 0.6155556 0.4100794 11 Class Age+Height+Bass+Guitar+Keys+Vocals linear 1 0.6022222 0.3925407 7 Class Age+Height+Bass+Guitar+Keys+Vocals linear 5 0.6000000 0.3886541 9 Class Age+Height+Bass+Guitar+Keys+Vocals radial 5 0.5866667 0.3642633 10 Class Age+Height+Bass+Guitar+Keys+Vocals radial 1 0.5777778 NaN 8 Class Age+Height+Bass+Guitar+Keys+Vocals radial 10 0.5755556 0.3479595 12 Class Age+Height linear 10 0.5355556 0.2940289 5 Class Age+Height linear 5 0.5288889 0.2799472 3 Class Age+Height linear 1 0.5200000 0.2706326 1 Class Age+Height radial 1 0.5044444 0.2508571 2 Class Age+Height radial 10 0.4933333 0.2383805 6 Class Age+Height radial 5 0.4866667 0.2245827 4 In multinomial evaluation, we perform one-vs-all evaluations and average them (macro metrics). These evaluations are stored in the output as Class Level Results: # Extract Class Level Results for the best model cv_5$Class Level Results[[11]]
#> # A tibble: 4 × 14
#>   Class Balanced Accuracy    F1 Sensitivity Specificity Pos Pred Value
#>   <chr>               <dbl> <dbl>       <dbl>       <dbl>            <dbl>
#> 1 A                   0.664 0.493       0.493       0.836            0.525
#> 2 B                   0.62  0.413       0.4         0.84             0.471
#> 3 C                   0.662 0.494       0.587       0.738            0.428
#> 4 D                   0.516 0.240       0.213       0.818            0.306
#> # … with 8 more variables: Neg Pred Value <dbl>, Kappa <dbl>,
#> #   Detection Rate <dbl>, Detection Prevalence <dbl>, Prevalence <dbl>,
#> #   Support <int>, Results <named list>, Confusion Matrix <named list>

We also have the fold results:

# Extract fold results for the best model
cv_5$Results[[11]] #> # A tibble: 5 × 13 #> Fold Column Overall Accurac… Balanced Accur… F1 Sensitivity Specificity #> <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> #> 1 .folds_1 0.4 0.6 0.378 0.4 0.8 #> 2 .folds_2 0.383 0.589 0.377 0.383 0.794 #> 3 .folds_3 0.467 0.644 0.448 0.467 0.822 #> 4 .folds_4 0.383 0.589 0.378 0.383 0.794 #> 5 .folds_5 0.483 0.656 0.470 0.483 0.828 #> # … with 7 more variables: Pos Pred Value <dbl>, Neg Pred Value <dbl>, #> # Kappa <dbl>, MCC <dbl>, Detection Rate <dbl>, Detection Prevalence <dbl>, #> # Prevalence <dbl> And a set of multiclass confusion matrices (one per fold column): # Extract multiclass confusion matrices for the best model # One per fold column cv_5$Confusion Matrix[[11]]
#> # A tibble: 80 × 4
#>    Fold Column Prediction Target     N
#>    <chr>         <chr>      <chr>  <int>
#>  1 .folds_1      A          A          9
#>  2 .folds_1      B          A          4
#>  3 .folds_1      C          A          1
#>  4 .folds_1      D          A          1
#>  5 .folds_1      A          B          4
#>  6 .folds_1      B          B          6
#>  7 .folds_1      C          B          3
#>  8 .folds_1      D          B          2
#>  9 .folds_1      A          C          2
#> 10 .folds_1      B          C          0
#> # … with 70 more rows

We can add these together (or average them) and plot the result:

# Sum the fold column confusion matrices
# to one overall confusion matrix
overall_confusion_matrix <- cv_5\$Confusion Matrix[[11]] %>%
dplyr::group_by(Prediction, Target) %>%
dplyr::summarise(N = sum(N))
#> summarise() has grouped output by 'Prediction'. You can override using the .groups argument.

overall_confusion_matrix %>% kable()
Prediction Target N
A A 37
A B 15
A C 9
A D 13
B A 15
B B 30
B C 7
B D 14
C A 15
C B 12
C C 44
C D 32
D A 8
D B 18
D C 15
D D 16

# Plot the overall confusion matrix
plot_confusion_matrix(overall_confusion_matrix, add_sums = TRUE)

This concludes the vignette. If elements are unclear or you need help to convert your model, you can leave feedback in a mail or in a GitHub issue :-)